When the fog lifted that evening, a strange light was seen playing about the dome of the Hagia Sophia, which some interpreted as the Holy Spirit departing from the city. . In fact, the new fortress was called Boazkesen, which means "strait-blocker" or "throat-cutter". [32]:380 This strategy was used because in 1204, the armies of the Fourth Crusade successfully circumvented Constantinople's land defences by breaching the Golden Horn Wall, which faces the Horn. The Venetian captain ordered his men to break open the gate of the Golden Horn. The Fall of Constantinople on May 29, 1453 by the Ottoman Turks was a battle that changed the world history. Edit. Which leader moved the Capital City of Byzantine to Constantinople. Student Edition NAME DATE 1. . These Turks kept loyal to the Emperor and perished in the ensuing battle. The main legitimate Crusades were launched from Western Europe to recover and protect Jerusalem . [31]:9697 Mehmed's massive cannons fired on the walls for weeks but due to their imprecision and extremely slow rate of fire, the Byzantines were able to repair most of the damage after each shot, mitigating the effect of the Ottoman artillery. Check Pages 1-4 of DBQ: The European Age of Exploration - HargroveKMS - home in the flip PDF version. Mehmed cut him down with his Kilij: Be satisfied with the booty and the captives; the buildings of the city belong to me.[79], During the festivities, and as he had promised his viziers and his other officers, Mehmed had the wretched citizens of Constantinople dragged before them and ordered many of them to be hacked to pieces, for the sake of entertainment.[80][81], Byzantine historian Doukas claims that, while drunk during his victory banquet, the Sultan ordered the Grand Duke Loukas Notaras to give his youngest son to him for his pleasure. [40]:32 [note 5] Turkish commander Dorgano, who was in Constantinople working for the Emperor, was also guarding one of the quarters of the city on the seaward side with the Turks in his pay. As Byzantine numbers were insufficient to occupy the walls in their entirety, it had been decided that only the outer walls would be guarded. 4.9. By 1450, the empire was exhausted and had shrunk to a few square kilometers outside the city of Constantinople itself, the Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara and the Peloponnese with its cultural center at Mystras. On the night of 28 April, an attempt was made to destroy the Ottoman ships already in the Golden Horn using fire ships but the Ottomans forced the Christians to retreat with many casualties. The unique . Sources. Before his death, Notaras supposedly said that Him who was crucified for us, died and arose and urged his horrified sons to reject the advances of Mehmed and not fear the outcome. Constantinople DBQ Historical Context: Constantinople's location was beneficial to the Byzantine Empire Task: Using evidence from the documents, write a paragraph discussing three ways Constantinople's location was beneficial to the Byzantine Empire. However, as the growing Ottoman power from this date on coincided with the Protestant Reformation and subsequent Counter-Reformation, the recapture of Constantinople became an ever-distant dream. However, Constantines capacity to defend his city was hampered by his small fighting force. You all know very well that our forefathers secured this kingdom that we now hold at the cost of many struggles and very great dangers and that, having passed it along in succession from their fathers, from father to son, they handed it down to me. [20]:376, Despite some probing attacks, the Ottoman fleet under Baltoghlu could not enter the Golden Horn due to the chain across the entrance. The fall of Constantinople in 1453 was one of the most influential events in history and marked the end of the Byzantine Empire. Mehmed II and his army were remarkably restrained in their handling of affairs after the fall of Constantinople. [note 8]. On orders of Mehmed, they were impaled on stakes, in sight of the city's defenders on the sea walls across the Golden Horn. Giustiniani intended to concentrate most of these men at the land walls to the north and west, the centre of which he observed to be the most vulnerable section of the city. These fortifications were overcome with the use of gunpowder, specifically in the form of large cannons and bombards, heralding a change in siege warfare.[19]. The Fall of Constantinople occurred on May 29, 1453, after a siege which began on April 6. The city was located between Asia and Europe, making it a very diverse and strategic place. [53] Orban initially tried to sell his services to the Byzantines, but they were unable to secure the funds needed to hire him. The Summons to Alexis 2. In the early hours of May 29, Ottoman labourers filled the moat surrounding the city. After the fall of Constantinople, the synod's membership became limited to bishops of the patriarchate. [91][92], The fall of Constantinople shocked many Europeans, who viewed it as a catastrophic event for their civilization. [3][pageneeded][46][47][note 9], With Giustiniani's Genoese troops retreating into the city and towards the harbour, Constantine and his men, now left to their own devices, continued to hold their ground against the Janissaries. [30], The city had about 20km of walls (land walls: 5.5km; sea walls along the Golden Horn: 7km; sea walls along the Sea of Marmara: 7.5km), one of the strongest sets of fortified walls in existence. Print. Student Constantinople DBQ .docx. [31]:94 Although the Byzantines also had cannons, the weapons were much smaller than those of the Ottomans, and the recoil tended to damage their own walls. Michael Spilling, ed., Battles That Changed History: Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London, Amber Books Ltd. 2010) p. 187. Guillaume Dufay composed several songs lamenting the fall of the Eastern church, and the duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, avowed to take up arms against the Turks. [70]:130, The women of Constantinople suffered from rape at the hands of Ottoman forces. The account of the cannon's collapse is disputed,[3][pageneeded] given that it was only reported in the letter of Archbishop Leonardo di Chio[47] and in the later, and often unreliable, Russian chronicle of Nestor Iskander. [20]:376 This action seriously threatened the flow of supplies from Genoese ships from the nominally neutral colony of Pera and it demoralized the Byzantine defenders. Thereafter, there was little peace for the much-weakened empire as it fended off successive attacks by the Latins, Serbs, Bulgarians and Ottoman Turks. Mehmed then tasked the Hungarian gunsmith Urban with both arming Rumelihisar and building cannon powerful enough to bring down the walls of Constantinople. V. THE SACK OF CONSTANTINOPLE l. eis tn plin, "to the City"), and it is claimed that it had already spread among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire before the conquest. Continuities: The Byzantine Empire initially maintained many Roman systems of governance and law and aspects of Roman culture. [65] The looting was extremely thorough in certain parts of the city. [43], After these inconclusive attacks, the Ottomans sought to break through the walls by constructing tunnels to mine them from mid-May to 25 May. At the same time, Constantine's attempts to appease the Sultan with gifts ended with the execution of the Emperor's ambassadors. Philippides, Marios and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Ashgate, Farnham and Burlington 2011. Luckily for the occupants of the city, the Ottomans were not interested in killing potentially valuable slaves but rather in the loot they could get from raiding the city's houses, so they decided to attack the city instead. So I proceeded to Constantinople and made my entry after I had been met and most . In Rome, Thomas and his family received some monetary support from the Pope and other Western rulers as Byzantine emperor in exile, until 1503. Fall of Rome Essay In 476 C.E. "[29]:59, For others, there was still a distant hope that the lights were the campfires of the troops of John Hunyadi who had come to relieve the city. The Senate decided upon sending a fleet in February 1453, but the fleet's departure was delayed until April, when it was already too late for ships to assist in battle. The Proposition Made by King Philip 3. Given abundant funds and materials, the Hungarian engineer built the gun within three months at Edirne. The Bashi-bazouks were spread out behind the front lines. [25] In fact, Europe celebrated Mehmed coming to the throne and hoped his inexperience would lead the Ottomans astray. If you know of any primary sources in English please post them for me!! [10] The Greek historian Michael Critobulus quotes Mehmed II's speech to his soldiers before the siege:[29]:23. Shortly after the Venetians left, a few Genoese ships and even the Emperor's ships followed them out of the Golden Horn. [20]:373[33][34][35][36][37][38], Fearing a possible naval attack along the shores of the Golden Horn, Emperor Constantine XI ordered that a defensive chain be placed at the mouth of the harbour. Fall Of Rome Dbq. Other troops under Zagan Pasha were employed north of the Golden Horn. He hoped to breach them or otherwise force a surrender before a Christian relief force could arrive. Nonetheless, depictions of Christian coalitions taking the city and of the late Emperor's resurrection by Leo the Wise persisted. The Knights of St. John on Rhodes write of the city's fall and Turkish plans to the Margrave of Brandenburg in Jerusalem. Omissions? Long before the fall of Constantinople, Demetrius had fought for the throne with Thomas, Constantine, and their other brothers John and Theodore. When Turkish flags were seen flying above the Kerkoporta, a small postern gate that was left open, panic ensued and the defence collapsed. Robert of Clari was a knight from Picardy who took part in the Fourth Crusade, which ended with the capture of Constantinople in 1204. In October 1452, Mehmed ordered Turakhan Beg to station a large garrison force in the Peloponnese to block Thomas and Demetrios (despotes in Southern Greece) from providing aid to their brother Constantine XI Palaiologos during the impending siege of Constantinople. Mehmed ordered the construction of a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn and dragged his ships over the hill, directly into the Golden Horn on 22 April, bypassing the chain barrier. They largely refrained from slaughtering commoners and nobility, instead choosing to ransom them to their home states and primarily executing only those who fought after the surrender. Emperor John VIII Palaiologos had also recently negotiated union with Pope Eugene IV, with the Council of Florence of 1439 proclaiming a Bull of Union. Mehmed planned to attack the Theodosian Walls, the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the West and the only part of the city not surrounded by water. They are not such very ancient events nor of such a sort as to be forgotten through the lapse of time. Eyewitness Jacopo Tedaldi estimates a presence of 30,000 to 35,000 armed civilians and only 6,000 to 7,000 trained soldiers. After conquering the city, Mehmed II made Constantinople the new Ottoman capital, replacing Adrianople. Our ancestors eagerly desired to achieve this; rejoice now since it is your bravery which has won this kingdom for us. [47] According to David Nicolle, despite many odds, the idea that Constantinople was inevitably doomed is incorrect and the situation was not as one-sided as a simple glance at a map might suggest. Since the mutual excommunications of 1054, the Pope in Rome was committed to establishing unity with the eastern church. The defending army's Genoese corps were well trained and equipped, while the rest of the army consisted of small numbers of well-trained soldiers, armed civilians, sailors and volunteer forces from foreign communities, and finally monks. This mini-DBQ has multiple classroom uses. This includes a four-slide PowerPoint on Justinian I and a DBQ on Justinian's . The wordplay emphasizes its strategic position: in Turkish boaz means both "strait" and "throat". [94], In the past we received our wounds in Asia and in Africain foreign countries. His army encamped outside the city on 2 April 1453, the Monday after Easter. [76] George Sphrantzes says that people of both genders were raped inside Hagia Sophia. According to Niccol Barbaro, "all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city". These charges of cowardice and treason were so widespread that the. Mehmed was determined to take the Golden Horn and pressure the Byzantines into submission. Having done so, the Venetians left in ships filled with soldiers and refugees. With the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed II had acquired the future capital of his kingdom, albeit one in decline due to years of war. After the initial assault, the Ottoman army fanned out along the main thoroughfare of the city, the Mese, past the great forums and the Church of the Holy Apostles, which Mehmed II wanted to provide as a seat for his newly appointed patriarch to better control his Christian subjects. Updates? [31]:81, Meanwhile, in Venice, deliberations were taking place concerning the kind of assistance the Republic would lend to Constantinople. Most of the primary sources seem to be in Latin or Byzantine period Greek. In 1461 the independent Byzantine state in Trebizond fell to Mehmed. Stefan Duan, Tsar of Serbia, and Ivan Alexander, Tsar of Bulgaria, both made similar claims, regarding themselves as legitimate heirs to the Roman Empire. In the following eleven centuries, the city had been besieged many times but was captured only once before: the Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. While Mehmed II had been steadily preparing for the siege of Constantinople, he had sent the old general Turakhan and the latter's two sons, Ahmed Beg and Omar Beg, to invade the. 6 April - 29 Mei 1453. The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. The first pope elected after the fall of Constantinople, Pope Pius II (r . by DRM_peter Posted on January 20, 2014. Finally, the sea walls at the southern shore of the Golden Horn were defended by Venetian and Genoese sailors under Gabriele Trevisano. [86]:283 On the third day of the conquest, Mehmed II ordered all looting to stop and issued a proclamation that all Christians who had avoided capture or who had been ransomed could return to their homes without further molestation, although many had no homes to return to, and many more had been taken captive and not ransomed. View Constantinople DBQ.docx from HIST 1110/07 at Kennesaw State University. Letter of the Knights of St. John on the Fall of Constantinople (72.9KB PDF Document) 2 September 2008. I have read secondary sources by John Julius Norwich and Steven Runciman. Ascending to the Ottoman throne in 1451, Mehmed II began making preparations to reduce the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. Mehmed ordered a third attack on the gate, this time with one of his own palace regiments of 3,000 Janissaries. My friends and men of my empire! Cardinal Isidore, funded by the Pope, arrived in 1452 with 200 archers. The Sack of Constantinople The Crusader army arrived outside Constantinople on 24 June 1203 CE. by. [54] This train included Orban's enormous cannon, which was said to have been dragged from Edirne by a crew of 60 oxen and over 400 men. Vast open fields constituted much of the land within the walls. Lokasi. IV. A codification of Roman law that saved Roman laws, established by Justinian in the Byzantine Empire. Why. Mehmed repopulated the city with people from a multitude of backgrounds and faiths and relocated his capital from Edirne to Constantinople, ensuring a multicultural seat of power for a multicultural empire. [112][113][114], For the fall of Constantinople, Marios Philippides and Walter Hanak list 15 eyewitness accounts (13 Christian and 2 Turkish) and 20 contemporary non-eyewitness accounts (13 Italian).[115]. 60,000-80,000 in total (modern sources)[4][5]. In April, having quickly seized Byzantine coastal settlements along the Black Sea and Sea of Marmara, Ottoman regiments in Rumelia and Anatolia assembled outside the Byzantine capital. In many places the ground could not be seen, as it was covered by heaps of corpses. [32]:388, The army converged upon the Augusteum, the vast square that fronted the great church of Hagia Sophia whose bronze gates were barred by a huge throng of civilians inside the building, hoping for divine protection. The fall of Constantinople was a major turning point in history, as it marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire. Fall of Rome . Emperor who moved Rome's capital to the east. The younger son, renamed Mesih Pasha, became Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and Sancak Beg (Governor) of the Province of Gallipoli. For Christendom, Mehmeds victory at Constantinople represented a serious shift in its dealings with the East. [20]:304 The crusaders established an unstable Latin state in and around Constantinople while the remainder of the Byzantine Empire splintered into a number of successor states, notably Nicaea, Epirus and Trebizond. Mehmed himself erected his red-and-gold tent near the Mesoteichion, where the guns and the elite Janissary regiments were positioned. [69]:37. Zagan Pasha argued against Halil Pasha and insisted on an immediate attack. You will protest that the Turks moved from Asia to Greece a long time ago, that the Mongols established themselves in Europe and the Arabs occupied parts of Spain, having approached through the straits of Gibraltar. Pihak terlibat. Nevertheless, just as deeply entrenched was the understanding that Byzantine control of Constantinople was a necessary bastion against Muslim control of land and sea in the eastern Mediterranean. Now devoid of both a long-standing buffer against the Ottomans and access to the Black Sea, Christian kingdoms relied on Hungary to halt any further westward expansion. It is possible that all these phenomena were local effects of the cataclysmic 1452/1453 mystery eruption which occurred around the time of the siege. Turkish troops withdraw from Bulgaria and Russia. The main effect of the fall of Constantinople in 1453 was the downfall of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. A severed head that was claimed to belong to Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos was found and presented to Mehmed and nailed onto a column. When combined with a large metal chain that had been drawn across the Golden Horn, Constantine was confident that the citys defenses could repel a naval assault and withstand Mehmeds land forces until relief came from Christian Europe. [109], The migration waves of Byzantine scholars and migrs in the period following the sacking of Constantinople and the fall of Constantinople in 1453 is considered by many scholars key to the revival of Greek and Roman studies that led to the development of the Renaissance humanism[100][dead link][bettersourceneeded] and science. Corrections? [31]:145[85] Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the spoils of war. In 1444 he lost an important battle to a Christian alliance in the Balkans and abdicated the throne to his son, Mehmed II. The city was captured on 29 May 1453[15][16] as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April. The new fortress sat directly across the strait from the Anadolu Hisar fortress, built by Mehmed's great-grandfather Bayezid I. When the Venetians retreated over to their ships, the Ottomans had already taken the walls of the Golden Horn. [31]:15051 Byzantine historian George Sphrantzes, an eyewitness to the fall of Constantinople, described the Sultan's actions:[87][88]. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. Communication was maintained by a road that had been destroyed over the marshy head of the Horn. . [citation needed], In the summer of 1452, when Rumeli Hisar was completed and the threat of the Ottomans had become imminent, Constantine wrote to the Pope, promising to implement the union, which was declared valid by a half-hearted imperial court on 12 December 1452. Pope Nicholas V called for an immediate counter-attack in the form of a crusade,[citation needed] however no European powers wished to participate, and the Pope resorted to sending a small fleet of 10 ships to defend the city. [84], Mehmed II granted his soldiers three days to plunder the city, as he had promised them and in accordance with the custom of the time. 0. Pengepungan terakhir Konstantinopel, miniatur Prancis abad ke-15 kontemporer. Save. The Empire of Trebizond, an independent successor state that formed in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, was also present at the time on the coast of the Black Sea. We have never lost a city or a place comparable to Constantinople, The Morean (Peloponnesian) fortress of Mystras, where Constantine's brothers Thomas and Demetrius ruled, constantly in conflict with each other and knowing that Mehmed would eventually invade them as well, held out until 1460. These walls had never been breached in the thousand years since their construction. The Walls of Constantinople, especially the Theodosian Walls, were some of the most advanced defensive systems in the world at the time. Today Constantinople is known as Istanbul it is the largest and most vibrant city in Turkey with a population greater than 12 million residents (although not the capital, which is Ankara). According to some Ottoman sources Constantine was killed in an accidental encounter with Turkish marines a little further to the south, presumably while making his way to the Sea of Marmara in order to escape by sea. Orthodox leaders voted in favour of union, but the people of Constantinople were adamantly against it and rioted in response. Ascertain to what factors contemporaneous observers attributed the rise and fall of the Muslim empires; determine which factors would have made the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals most successful and which ones would eventually weaken . The section of the land walls from the Pegae Gate to the Golden Gate (itself guarded by a Genoese called Manuel) was defended by the Venetian Filippo Contarini, while Demetrius Cantacuzenus had taken position on the southernmost part of the Theodosian wall. Robert of Clari's account of the Fourth Crusade. "[31]:152, Looting was carried out on a massive scale by sailors and marines who entered the city via other walls before they had been suppressed by regular troops, who were beyond the main gate. It is estimated that perhaps 60 million people lived within its borders. Constantinople itself became an Ottoman vassal during this period. SynopsisManaged to compile the first five videos in my Conquest and Fall of Constantinople series. Document 3 Justinian ruled with absolute power, as he . The garrison used a few small-calibre artillery pieces, which in the end proved ineffective. [111], The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase s tmbol(n) (Greek: , translit. This book contains the works that Psellos wrote about his family, including a long funeral oration for his mother that features unique recollections from a childhood spent in Constantinople; a funeral oration for his young daughter Styliane, which includes a detailed description of her physical appearance and a moving account of her illness and [31]:7778 However, this was the only cannon that Orban built for the Ottoman forces at Constantinople,[51][52] and it had several drawbacks: it took three hours to reload; cannonballs were in very short supply; and the cannon is said to have collapsed under its own recoil after six weeks. On 2 June, the Sultan found the city largely deserted and half in ruins; churches had been desecrated and stripped, houses were no longer habitable, and stores and shops were emptied. Emperor Constantine XI named Giustiniani commander of his land defenses and spent the rest of the winter strengthening the city for a siege. They were built at foundries that employed Turkish cannon founders and technicians, most notably Saruca, in addition to at least one foreign cannon founder, Orban (also called Urban). The short lived Crusade immediately came to an end and as Western Europe entered the 16th century, the age of Crusading began to come to an end. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. [62]:651652 Up until this point, the Ottomans had fired 5,000 shots from their cannons using 55,000 pounds of gunpowder. Genoese and Catalan troops were stationed at the Great Palace; Cardinal Isidore of Kiev guarded the tip of the peninsula near the boom. He established Constantinople as the capital of the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire and preserved Roman heritage for more than a thousand years. SS.912.W.2.3 Analyze the extent to which the Byzantine Empire was a continuation of the old . The rise of the Emperor and perished in the early hours of May 29 1453. 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