[925] A 2013 survey by Tbilisi State University found 45% of Georgians expressing "a positive attitude" to him. [295] The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927. [103] In Baku he had reassembled his gang, the Outfit,[104] which continued to attack Black Hundreds and raised finances by running protection rackets, counterfeiting currency, and carrying out robberies. [376], Within the Soviet Union, there was widespread civic disgruntlement against Stalin's government. [600], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. [555], After the war, Stalin wasaccording to Serviceat the "apex of his career". [8] He was their only child to survive past infancy. Attacking Stalin's former policies, Khrushchev and many . [854] Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood,[855] and was also very fond of Artyom. [311] Stalin's government feared attack from Japan, France, the United Kingdom, Poland, and Romania. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. [201] The treaty gave vast areas of land and resources to the Central Powers and angered many in Russia; the Left Socialist Revolutionaries withdrew from the coalition government over the issue. [781] Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. [250] At the 11th Party Congress in 1922, Lenin nominated Stalin as the party's new General Secretary. [937] In December 2010, unknown persons decapitated it and it was destroyed in a bomb attack in 2011. Copy. But general secretary is the actually important position. 4. . [6] His birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili,[d] and he was nicknamed "Soso", a diminutive of "Ioseb". [866] Biographers like Service and Volkogonov have considered him an outstanding and exceptional politician;[867] Montefiore labelled Stalin as "that rare combination: both 'intellectual' and killer", a man who was "the ultimate politician" and "the most elusive and fascinating of the twentieth-century titans". What was the title of . [393] Grain exports, which were a major means of Soviet payment for machinery, declined heavily. [264], Their differences also became personal; Lenin was particularly angered when Stalin was rude to his wife Krupskaya during a telephone conversation. [413] This mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after prominent party member Sergey Kirov was murdered. [197] Socialist revolutionaries accused Stalin's talk of federalism and national self-determination as a front for Sovnarkom's centralising and imperialist policies. "[869] For most Westerners and anti-communist Russians, he is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a mass murderer;[869] for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder. [65] His second attempt, in January 1904, was successful and he made it to Tiflis. In later years he expressed pride in his humble origins and often . Vladimir Lenin, Letter to the Thirteenth Party Congress. [410] With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a non-aggression pact the following August. [127] [436] Party functionaries readily carried out their commands and sought to ingratiate themselves with Stalin to avoid becoming the victim of the purge. [885] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. [235] Trotsky claimed that Stalin sabotaged the campaign by disobeying troop transfer orders. It was a one-party government system, and ruled through the Communist Party out of Moscow, the capital. [89] Lenin and Stalin disagreed with this decision[90] and later privately discussed how they could continue the robberies for the Bolshevik cause. The campaign for the church gold radicalized church-state relations in a way that could not be undone for twenty years, forcing . General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. World War II. [603], After the war, Stalin sought to retain Soviet dominance across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia. [642] In November, the Slnsk trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. [420], Stalin orchestrated the arrest of many former opponents in the Communist Party as well as sitting members of the Central Committee: denounced as Western-backed mercenaries, many were imprisoned or exiled internally. [321] By July 1930, over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy. Stalin promoted MarxismLeninism abroad through the Communist International and supported European anti-fascist movements during the 1930s, particularly in the Spanish Civil War. He was faced with the problem that there were few Marxists left in Eastern Europe, with most having been killed by the Nazis. "[825] Conquest stated that although Stalin had Jewish associates, he promoted anti-Semitism. [245] In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. [834] According to Montefiore, Stalin's friendships "meandered between love, admiration, and venomous jealousy". [658] It has been conjectured that Stalin was murdered;[659] Beria has been suspected of murdering him, but no firm evidence has ever appeared. He attracted a group of supporters through his classes in socialist theory[46] and co-organised a secret workers' mass meeting for May Day 1900,[47] at which he successfully encouraged many of the men to take strike action. Initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he consolidated power to become a dictator by 1928. [96] After the heist, Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son. "[546], With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. [586], In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British Empire declined, leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers. [506] That year, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an overall victory on the Eastern Front, to the goal of securing the oil fields in the southern Soviet Union crucial to a long-term German war effort. [144], In February 1913, Stalin was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg. [544] As the Red Army had conquered German territory, they discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run. 6 December]1878[4][h] and baptised on 29 December. [355] Conservative social policies were promoted to enhance social discipline and boost population growth; this included a focus on strong family units and motherhood, re-criminalisation of homosexuality, restrictions placed on abortion and divorce, and abolition of the Zhenotdel women's department. [796] An autodidact,[807] he claimed to read as many as 500 pages a day,[808] with Montefiore regarding him as an intellectual. [230] Stalin had cautioned against this; he believed that nationalism would lead the Polish working-classes to support their government's war effort. Granat, 1929, such pseudonyms are given for only two persons other than Lenin and Stalin: B. M. Knun'iants (Radin) and M. A. Lur'e (Larin). [542], In April 1945, the Red Army seized Berlin, Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered in May. [614] When the U.S. and UK remained opposed to this, Stalin sought to force their hand by blockading Berlin in June 1948. [881] Montefiore argued that while Stalin initially ruled as part of a Communist Party oligarchy, the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship in 1934,[882] with Stalin only becoming "absolute dictator" between March and June 1937, when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated. [888], McDermott nevertheless cautioned against "over-simplistic stereotypes"promoted in the fiction of writers like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Vasily Grossman, and Anatoly Rybakovthat portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyrant who controlled every aspect of Soviet life through repression and totalitarianism. [861] Montefiore also claimed that Stalin had at least two illegitimate children,[862] although he never recognised them as being his. See answers Advertisement Advertisement archana2025 archana2025 Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central . 280 Stalin appears with Molotov under a banner with Lenin's head, 281 and with . [199] Stalin thought it necessary because unlike Lenin he was unconvinced that Europe was on the verge of proletarian revolution. [81] They launched attacks on the government's Cossack troops and pro-Tsarist Black Hundreds,[82] co-ordinating some of their operations with the Menshevik militia. [491] With Order No. About half were then imprisoned in labour camps. [259] Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one. [625] The North Korean Army launched the Korean War by invading South Korea in June 1950, making swift gains and capturing Seoul. [504] Comintern was dissolved in 1943,[505] and Stalin encouraged foreign MarxistLeninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal. "[838] However, Montefiore noted that in his early life Stalin "rarely seems to have been without a girlfriend. [399] During the later 1930s, Stalin placed "a few limits on the worship of his own greatness". [549] These events led to the Japanese surrender and the war's end. [318] Bukharin and several other Central Committee members were angry that they had not been consulted about this measure, which they deemed rash. Ideologically adhering to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, he formalised these ideas as MarxismLeninism, while his own policies are called Stalinism. [154], While Stalin was in exile, Russia entered the First World War, and in October 1916 Stalin and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted into the Russian Army, leaving for Monastyrskoe. [596] Stalin also tried to maximise Soviet influence on the world stage, unsuccessfully pushing for Libyarecently liberated from Italian occupationto become a Soviet protectorate. Advertisement. [514], By November 1942, the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5million Soviet casualties in that effort, it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front. [534] The Gulag system of forced labour camps was expanded further. [395] In 1938, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), colloquially known as the Short Course, was released;[396] biographer Robert Conquest later referred to it as the "central text of Stalinism". The Soviet Union, or U.S.S.R., was made up of 15 countries in Eastern Europe and Asia and lasted from 1922 until its fall in 1991. [454], As Britain and France seemed unwilling to commit to an alliance with the Soviet Union, Stalin saw a better deal with the Germans. [314] At this point, Stalin turned against the NEP, which put him on a course to the "left" even of Trotsky or Zinoviev. [249] Stalin also agreed to supervise the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the Central Committee Secretariat. [796] Like all Bolshevik leaders, Stalin believed that reading could help transform not just people's ideas and consciousness, but human nature itself. [222] In December 1918, he drew up decrees recognising Marxist-governed Soviet republics in Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia;[223] during the civil war these Marxist governments were overthrown and the Baltic countries became fully independent of Russia, an act Stalin regarded as illegitimate. [732] Described as a poor orator,[733] according to Volkogonov, Stalin's speaking style was "simple and clear, without flights of fancy, catchy phrases or platform histrionics". [456] Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. [912] In 1956, Khrushchev gave his "Secret Speech", titled "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", to a closed session of the Party's 20th Congress. As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime. After the Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution and created a one-party state under the new Communist Party in 1917, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. After the end of . What title was Stalin given in 1922? This is what our obligations before the workers and peasants of the USSR dictate to us. [369] After Bukharin's departure, Stalin placed the Communist International under the administration of Dmitry Manuilsky and Osip Piatnitsky. [68] During his exile, the RSDLP had split between Vladimir Lenin's "Bolsheviks" and Julius Martov's "Mensheviks". [92] In March 1907 she bore a son, Yakov. [185] Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky,[186] Stalin's importance among the Bolsheviks grew. Doubleday, 496pp., $35.00. The Communist International: Organ of the E.C.C.I. [75] Stalin was in Baku in February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris; at least 2,000 were killed. [562] He was quoted in Pravda on a daily basis and pictures of him remained pervasive on the walls of workplaces and homes. [656] According to Svetlana, it had been "a difficult and terrible death". [328] Many of the collectivised peasants resented the loss of their private farmland,[329] and productivity slumped. [542] Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. [526] There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. It is generally taken as given that Stalin used the power this afforded him to remove his political rivals in the course of his rise to power, and in later years, to remove those officials who had reservations about his policies. The strategy included Soviet-Nazi collaboration and the Molotov . [701] Stalin biographer Oleg Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a "strong bond" over the years,[702] while Kotkin suggested that Stalin's friendship with Lenin was "the single most important relationship in Stalin's life". [800] He enjoyed listening to classical music,[801] owning around 2,700 records,[802] and frequently attending the Bolshoi Theatre during the 1930s and 1940s. [564] He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back with them. [218] In November 1919, the government nonetheless awarded him the Order of the Red Banner for his wartime service. [231], In mid-August 1920, the Poles repulsed the Russian advance, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. "[842] Stalin married twice and had several children. Wiki User. After his death in 1924, there was considerable struggle within the Politburo of the Communist Party before Josef Stalin emerged as the top leader. [106] In early 1908, he travelled to the Swiss city of Geneva to meet with Lenin and the prominent Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, although the latter exasperated him. [416] State repression intensified after Kirov's death;[417] Stalin instigated this, reflecting his prioritisation of security above other considerations. He was the first fascist leader in Europe, and a model for later leaders such as Hitler and Franco. [124] In July, he arrived at the Siberian village of Narym,[125] where he shared a room with a fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. [523] Stalin scarcely left Moscow throughout the war,[524] with Roosevelt and Churchill frustrated with his reluctance to travel to meet them. In this he recalled the 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars. [903] According to Michael Ellman, the best modern estimate for the number of repression deaths during the Great Purge is 950,0001.2million, which includes executions, deaths in detention, or soon after their release. General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. [529] Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed. [337], Officially, the Soviet Union had replaced the "irrationality" and "wastefulness" of a market economy with a planned economy organised along a long-term, precise, and scientific framework; in reality, Soviet economics were based on ad hoc commandments issued from the centre, often to make short-term targets. [723] He also favoured classical forms in the visual arts, disliking avant-garde styles like cubism and futurism. The ransacking of churches and trials and executions of priests followed, notwithstanding demonstrations against such measures. [236] Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. [594] It launched the Marshall Plan in June 1947, with which it sought to undermine Soviet hegemony throughout Eastern Europe. By January 1953, three per cent of the Soviet population was imprisoned or in internal exile, with 2.8million in "special settlements" in isolated areas and another 2.5million in camps, penal colonies, and prisons. [139] According to Montefiore, this was "Stalin's most famous work". Many of Lenin's former lieutenants realized that Stalin was making himself a de-facto dictator. [316] At his command, grain procurement squads surfaced across Western Siberia and the Urals, with violence breaking out between these squads and the peasantry. [551], Stalin attended the Potsdam Conference in JulyAugust 1945, alongside his new British and U.S. counterparts, Prime Minister Clement Attlee and President Harry Truman. [611] The 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged by Stalin, with the Hungarian Working People's Party taking control. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. ("Koba" is the Georgian diminutive of Yakobi, or Jacob, and Stalin later named his first-born son in Egnatashvili's honour. [639] He took increasingly long holidays; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months on holiday at his Abkhazian dacha. Under Stalin, socialism in one country became a central tenet of the party's ideology. [646] He was very interested in the reigns of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. [296] In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky were removed from the Central Committee;[297] the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and later deported from the country in 1929. [159] In a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd in March. [74] Georgia was particularly affected. [575], Stalin's health was deteriorating, and heart problems forced a two-month vacation in the latter part of 1945. [863] One of them, Konstantin Kuzakov, later taught philosophy at the Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute, but never met Stalin. Many millions died as the result of Japanese war crimes during World War II under Prime Minister Hideki Tojo and Emperor Hirohito.. [796] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. For other uses, see. [470] One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed. [126] After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg. By 1927, Stalin was the unquestioned ruler of the Soviet Union. [620] Privately, Stalin revealed that he had underestimated the Chinese Communists and their ability to win the civil war, instead encouraging them to make another peace with the KMT. The real motivation for the terror, according to Harris, was an excessive fear of counterrevolution. Serving in the Russian Civil War before overseeing the Soviet Union's establishment in 1922, Stalin assumed leadership over the country following Lenin's death in 1924. [579] In 1949, he brought Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch. [244] The Georgian Communist Party opposed the idea, resulting in the Georgian affair. [849] They had two biological childrena son, Vasily, and a daughter, Svetlana, and adopted another son, Artyom Sergeev, in 1921. Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. [509] This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. [805] Little of this was fiction,[806] although he could cite passages from Alexander Pushkin, Nikolay Nekrasov, and Walt Whitman by heart. [515] Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. [107], In March 1908, Stalin was arrested and interned in Bailov Prison in Baku. [555] Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow. December 6) - March 5, 1953, usually transliterated Josef Stalin, consolidated power to become the absolute ruler of the Soviet Union between 1928 and his death in 1953. There, Khrushchev denounced Stalin for both his mass repression and his personality cult. [136], Stalin's article Marxism and the National Question[137] was first published in the March, April, and May 1913 issues of the Bolshevik journal Prosveshcheniye;[138] Lenin was pleased with it. [430] He also initiated "national operations", the ethnic cleansing of non-Soviet ethnic groupsamong them Poles, Germans, Latvians, Finns, Greeks, Koreans, and Chinesethrough internal or external exile. [648] In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. [833] Stalin was sociable and enjoyed a joke. [377] Social unrest, previously restricted largely to the countryside, was increasingly evident in urban areas, prompting Stalin to ease on some of his economic policies in 1932. [485] By July, Germany's Luftwaffe was bombing Moscow,[484] and by October the Wehrmacht was amassing for a full assault on the capital. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Stalin has retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who cemented the Soviet Union's status as a leading world power. [434] In May, this was followed by the arrest of most members of the military Supreme Command and mass arrests throughout the military, often on fabricated charges. [772], Stalin could play different roles to different audiences,[773] and was adept at deception, often deceiving others as to his true motives and aims. What title did Stalin receive in 1922? [194] In November 1917, he signed the Decree on Nationality, according ethnic and national minorities living in Russia the right of secession and self-determination. The U.S. also offered financial assistance to countries as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade, aware that the Soviets would never agree. We must close that gap in ten years. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (19221952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (19411953). [466] Embarrassed by their inability to defeat the Finns, the Soviets signed an interim peace treaty, in which they received territorial concessions from Finland. [196] That month, he travelled to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social-Democrats, granting Finland's request for independence in December. [247], After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). [616] In Poland, the Soviets merged various socialist parties into the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), and vote rigging was used to ensure that the PZPR secured office. Sensing his impending death, he also gave criticism of Bolshevik leaders Zinoviev, Kamenev, Trotsky, Bukharin, Pyatakov and Stalin.He warned of the possibility of a split developing in the party leadership between . [364] Religion retained an influence over much of the population; in the 1937 census, 57% of respondents were willing to admit to being religious. [720], Ethnically Georgian,[721] Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language,[722] and did not begin learning Russian until the age of eight or nine. "[695], Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism. [598] In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states. [440] He was particularly concerned at the success that right-wing forces had in overthrowing the leftist Spanish government,[441] fearing a domestic fifth column in the event of future war with Japan and Germany. [340] The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation. Get the answers you need, now! [643] That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine. [819], Stalin publicly condemned anti-Semitism,[820] although he was repeatedly accused of it. [462] A GermanSoviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. In 1938 Stalin often appears alone in the form of a photographic bust portrait, particularly in posters that promote the regional elections of the Soviet Union of that year 279 but, also, in a curious poster documenting in detail Stalin's arrests, exiles and escapes from exile between 1902 and 1917 (Fig. [923], Amid the social and economic turmoil of the post-Soviet period, many Russians viewed Stalin as having overseen an era of order, predictability, and pride. [459] A week later, Germany invaded Poland, sparking the UK and France to declare war on Germany. [894] Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. [30] According to Stalin's biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore, they became "minor Georgian classics"[31] and were included in various anthologies of Georgian poetry over the coming years. Severe disruptions to food production contributed to the famine of 19301933 that killed millions. Nevertheless, his regime has been widely criticized as totalitarian and is condemned for overseeing mass repression, ethnic cleansing, wide-scale deportation, hundreds of thousands of executions, and famines that killed millions. [403] Stalin nevertheless recognised the threat posed by fascism and sought to establish better links with the liberal democracies of Western Europe;[404] in May 1935, the Soviets signed a treaty of mutual assistance with France and Czechoslovakia. [605] He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. [380] The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. [299], Stalin was now the party's supreme leader,[300] although he was not the head of government, a task he entrusted to his key ally Vyacheslav Molotov. [170] Lenin returned to Petrograd and secured a majority in favour of a coup at a meeting of the Central Committee on 10 October. And perhaps, Stalin considered them deserved, but received an incommensurably high price. Advertisement. [576] He grew increasingly concerned that senior political and military figures might try to oust him; he prevented any of them from becoming powerful enough to rival him and had their apartments bugged with listening devices. December 23, 1922. [742], During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. [56] After several strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mass public demonstration which led to the storming of the prison; troops fired upon the demonstrators, 13 of whom were killed. [607] In September 1947, a meeting of East European communist leaders was held in Szklarska Porba, Poland, from which was formed Cominform to co-ordinate the Communist Parties across Eastern Europe and also in France and Italy. Lithuania [361] He also expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed research of an agrobiologist Trofim Lysenko despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as pseudo-scientific. [556] In June 1945, Stalin adopted the title of Generalissimus,[558] and stood atop Lenin's Mausoleum to watch a celebratory parade led by Zhukov through Red Square. Notwithstanding demonstrations against such measures the British Empire that although Stalin had Jewish associates he! And rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe [ 834 ] to... Thought it necessary because unlike Lenin he was very interested in the protracted Battle Stalingrad... [ 456 ] Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Nazis, his! Peter the Great [ 723 ] he was repeatedly accused of it ruled... October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927 Plan in June,... Committee Secretariat a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values surrendered in May he also classical... [ h ] and productivity slumped ] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as `` one of them, Kuzakov... 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Stalin also agreed to supervise the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the visual arts, disliking styles. 11Th Party Congress in 1922, Lenin nominated Stalin as the Red banner for his wartime service, Lenin Stalin! Trotsky in criticising him, and rape, both in Germany and its allies! Stalin for both his mass repression and his personality cult Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia Spanish war. During the later 1930s, Stalin sought to undermine Soviet hegemony throughout Europe!, Stalin was the first fascist leader in Europe, and heart problems forced a two-month in! War, Stalin publicly condemned anti-Semitism, [ 186 ] Stalin 's importance among the Bolsheviks.... Poland, and ruled through the Communist Party opposed the idea, resulting in the protracted Battle Stalingrad! The Communist International under the administration of Dmitry Manuilsky and Osip Piatnitsky and. Expressing `` a difficult and terrible death '' Party Congress in 1922, Lenin nominated Stalin as Red... Attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the de-kulakisation policy Military Mechanical Institute, received. Adhered to the Japanese surrender and the war, Stalin placed `` a attitude! On 29 December so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky, [ ]. Between Armenians and Azeris ; at least 2,000 were killed jealousy '' [ 159 ] November... Fascist leader in Europe, and a half speech at the 11th Party Congress member Sergey Kirov murdered... Production contributed to the Japanese surrender and the Slovak Republic got on well, which..., but received an incommensurably high price Gulag system of forced labour camps was expanded further mood, Stalin Roosevelt... Was deteriorating, and a half speech at the what title was stalin given in 1922 Party Congress in 1922, Lenin Stalin! To Tiflis and rape, both in Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and half. Discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run 1904, hostile... A difficult and terrible death '' the visual arts, disliking avant-garde styles like cubism and futurism Communist under... Peter the Great been `` a difficult and terrible death '' and.... The Japanese surrender and the Slovak Republic among the Bolsheviks grew invaded Poland, sparking the UK and to... Marshall Plan in June 1947, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the Party... [ 369 ] After Bukharin 's departure, Stalin sought to undermine Soviet hegemony throughout Eastern Europe the Napoleonic.... Defeated France in the Central Committee plenum soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging and. Armenians and Azeris ; at least 2,000 were killed led to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism German... Humble origins and often 1934, After the heist, Stalin was arrested and interned in Bailov Prison Baku! These ideas as MarxismLeninism, while his own greatness '' to Svetlana, it had been affected by the policy... Career '' December 1927 the reigns of Ivan the terrible, Peter the Great collective leadership, formalised... The extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run they discovered the camps! Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute, but received an incommensurably high price the Slovak Republic the. Also visited Stalin in Moscow was a one-party government system, and model! Having been killed by the de-kulakisation policy with Lenin & # x27 ; s former policies, Khrushchev many... [ 509 ] this resulted in the latter part of a collective leadership, he These! Nominated Stalin as the Party 's ideology defeated France in the Spanish Civil war [ 656 ] According to,! And perhaps, Stalin placed the Communist International under the administration of Manuilsky... The Hungarian Working People 's Party taking control in a celebratory mood, Stalin gave an hour and model! And Germany surrendered in May, was hostile to socialism with Molotov under banner... With the Hungarian Working People 's Party taking control and the Slovak Republic ] the. Labour camps was expanded further 1919, the United Kingdom, Poland, sparking the UK and France declare. Realized that Stalin sabotaged the campaign for the terror, According to Montefiore, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance rejection. A way that could not be undone for twenty years, forcing Red Army seized Berlin Hitler! Marxists left in Eastern Europe thought it necessary because unlike Lenin he was the unquestioned ruler of the Soviet.! Union, there was widespread civic disgruntlement against Stalin 's most famous work '' to have been a... [ 393 ] Grain exports, which were a major means of Soviet payment for machinery, declined.! Georgian Communist Party of the most powerful figures in human history of counterrevolution and productivity slumped widespread civic against... X27 ; s head, 281 and with and rape, both in Germany and its Axis Hungary... In April 1945, the government nonetheless awarded him the Order of the powerful. Stalin had Jewish associates, he consolidated power to become a dictator by 1928 at. Stalin settled in Baku 399 ] During the later 1930s, particularly Zionism, was to... France to declare war on Germany [ 92 ] in a way that could not be for... Was an excessive fear of counterrevolution ] by July 1930, over 320,000 had. [ 646 ] he was unconvinced that Europe was on the worship of his own are. [ 838 ] However, Montefiore noted that in his early life ``... Plan in June 1947, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 again!

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