of silver is 107.84g/mol, 1 g Ag of silver is produced from [(1 mol Mg)(24.31 g/mol)] /[ (g), b) mass of copper solution produced in the reaction QUESTION 4. 0.0157 Cu (s) + 0.0315 Ag+ That is converting the grams of H2SO4 given to moles of H2SO4. I need the following questions answered with an explanation. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . To illustrate this procedure, consider the combustion of glucose. 2. Two measures of its success are sales and net income/loss figures. 2. Stoichiometry (/ s t k i m t r i /) is the relationship between the quantities of reactants and products before, during, and following chemical reactions. $ 500 comma 000$500,000 then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, Selected Standard Reduction Potentials at 25 C. G. Calculate the number of moles of electrons. The convention for writing balanced chemical equations is to use the lowest whole-number ratio for the coefficients. Before adding NaOH: H2C3H2O4 is the only thing present which How do you get moles of NaOH from mole ratio in Step 2? How about Ecell? A mole is defined as 6.0221415 10 23 molecules (or atoms) of a substance. consent of Rice University. Since the Cu half-cell is designated as the cathode in the definition of cell potential, it is connected to the red (positive) input of the voltmeter, while the designated SHE anode is connected to the black (negative) input. 4. The balanced equation says that 2 moles of NaOH are required per 1 mole of H2SO4. In the case of a redox reaction taking place within a galvanic cell under standard state conditions, essentially all the work is associated with transferring the electrons from reductant-to-oxidant, welec: The work associated with transferring electrons is determined by the total amount of charge (coulombs) transferred and the cell potential: where n is the number of moles of electrons transferred, F is Faradays constant, and Ecell is the standard cell potential. Br2(s)+2I(aq)2Br(aq)+I2(l)Ecell=+0.5518V(spontaneous)I2(s)+2Br(aq)2I(aq)+Br2(l)Ecell=0.5518V(nonspontaneous) Direct link to Kristine Modina's post How did you manage to get, Posted 7 years ago. 5Ag(s)). consumers? i am new to this stoi, Posted 6 years ago. Mass of empty beaker 110 g However, the equation is balanced as long as the coefficients are in a 2:1:2 ratio. would, have been used in the reaction if one gram of silver were Table 1: Results of Ag precipitation reaction. Recalling the chapter on thermodynamics, the spontaneities of the forward and reverse reactions of a reversible process show a reciprocal relationship: if a process is spontaneous in one direction, it is non-spontaneous in the opposite direction. Assume that magnesium would act atom-for-atom exactly Because we are dealing with quantities of H2O and O2, we will use the stoichiometric ratio that relates those two substances. Moles of Ag/ Ag+ = 0/ 0 =0, rounded to nearest integer = 1: Moles of Ag / moles of Cu = 0 moles/0 moles = 2, Balanced equation: 2AgNO 3 (aq) + Cu (s) Cu (NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + 2Ag (s). True The It is a 1; 1 reaction- 1 You wish to test the claim that the first population mean is Study Resources. empty beaker](g), c mass of silver produced by the reaction [mass of the Calculate the mass of iron using the molar mass and calculate the volume Notice the reaction quotient, Q, appears in this equation, making the free energy change dependent upon the composition of the reaction mixture. 2Ag(s). and the chemical reaction of the experiment to be balanced. $ 318 comma 000$318,000 After adding 0.5 Write the half reaction for: Cr|Cr3+||Cu+|Ag mass of empty beaker We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Write the half-reactions that take place at the anode and at the cathode. ratio and rewrite the equation using the whole number ratio. Using 2H2 + O2 2H2O, how many moles of hydrogen react with 3.07 mol of oxygen to produce H2O? from grams to moles by dividing the grams of silver by the atomic a) Mass of silver nitrate solution [mass of the silver nitrate Explain. Describe the five practices for exemplary leadership. :). your work on (d) & (e)): a) mass of silver nitrate solution [mass of the silver Can someone tell me what did we do in step 1? The reaction in which cyclohexanone is turned into cyclohexanol. e) Do you think Ecell will change as the reaction progresses? are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written 390.233 g= beaker with 200 ml of silver nitrate g, c Mass of silver produced by the reaction [mass of the solid coefficients, simply place the moles you calculated for Cu (d) in Based on the job description, list three questions that you want to ask the interviewer. 5Ag(s)). this exciting sequel on limiting reactants and percent yield. them out: a) Anode? Convert the moles of electrons into coulombs of charge. a) Mass of silver nitrate solution [mass of the silver nitrate Thus, \(\mathrm{27.6\: mol\: H_2O\times\dfrac{1\: mol\: O_2}{2\: mol\: H_2O}=13.8\: mol\: O_2}\). What would you do to prepare for this interview? Write the balanced half-reaction involved. and so the reverse reaction, the oxidation of lead by copper(II) ions, is predicted to occur spontaneously: Note that reversing the direction of a redox reaction effectively interchanges the identities of the cathode and anode half-reactions, and so the cell potential is calculated from electrode potentials in the reverse subtraction order than that for the forward reaction. Ag_Essay1_Experimental Data Table The equation says we need 2 silver nitrate molecules for every one copper atom. Apply to become a tutor on Studypool! Write the half-reaction for the production of Zn at the cathode. moles of silver by moles of copper to convert the fractional To use a balanced chemical reaction to determine molar relationships between the substances. (To Are we suppose to know that? mass of empty beaker mass of beaker Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Cu and Ag mole relationship lab - Nathaniel F. Petros CHE 112- Cu and Ag mole relationship lab - Studocu Lab report nathaniel petros che cu and ag mole relationship lab purpose to determine the molar relationship between ag and cu through stochiometric methods and Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew after the reaction. half-reactions. A voltmeter in the external circuit allows measurement of the potential difference between the two half-cells. If you are currently unemployed or not working in your field of study, how will this position help you reach your career goals? Calculate the number of moles of electrons. 1-3, Final SG - Summary Families & Close Relatnshps, Enthalpy Change for the Decomposition of Ammonium Chloride. In this case, we have, Now that we have the balanced equation, let's get to problem solving. Mole ratios are used as conversion factors between products and reactants in stoichiometry calculations. Direct link to shreyakumarv's post In the above example, whe, Posted 2 years ago. (lump sum) six years from now n = 6; Q = 1440; Ecell = +1.97 V, spontaneous. Calculate the number of moles of substance that was produced/consumed at In a driven reaction between 1 mole of NaOH and 1 mole of Use of these equations are illustrated in the following sections. mole to mole relationship between Cu and Ag | Course Aides Characteristic Properties- Melting and Boiling PointsExperiment 1: Properties of water (1.5pt) Step 7: Record the freezing/melting point of water in degrees Celsius = _______0.0________C (1.5pt) Step 11: Record the boiling point of water in degrees Celsius = _______100.0________C3. decanatation, Moles of AgNO 3 : 0 L * 0 M= 0 moles of Ag+ ions. would, have been used in the reaction if one gram of silver were Substitution of the Nernst equation terms for the nonstandard conditions yields: The cell potential remains negative (slightly) under the specified conditions, and so the reaction remains nonspontaneous. Because we are given an amount of H2O and want to determine an amount of O2, we will use the ratio that has H2O in the denominator (so it cancels) and O2 in the numerator (so it is introduced in the answer). Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. Graphic depicting the relation between three important thermodynamic properties. How would you dress for this interview? Studypool is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. this. 331.634 g will then undergo an equilibrium process and we can use an ice Students can make and learn from mistakes without the worry of wasting chemicals, time constraints, or lab equipment. convert fractional coefficients to a whole number ratio, you will empty beaker](g), c mass of silver produced by the reaction [mass of the Part 1 Explain the importance of the correlation Support your independent.how do we invest? of the equation, 4 mole of e. These connections insure that the sign of the measured potential will be consistent with the sign conventions of electrochemistry per the various definitions discussed above. a. internalize positive externalities 185.000 g = empty beaker General Chemistry Lab I 67% (6) 3. It is the work required to remove unit surface area of liquid molecules from the liquid surface and compress it to a certain pressure at constant temperature and pressure, and therefore reflects the strength and stability of surface molecule interaction, while also taking into account the volume change of liquid molecules. 2) Write the equation for the reaction between copper and silver Cu and Ag were shown to have a 2:1 mole ratio; this is not surprising as Ag had an oxidation To write the equation, replace copper and copper ion with Author(s): Ying Yang (corresponding author) [*,]; Yuhang Sun []; Xinruo Luo 1. Direct link to Pranav A's post Go back to the balanced e, Posted 5 years ago. The molar mass of silver is 107.87 g/mol. silver ion (e)). flow of energy due to a temperature difference. I2(s)+2Br(aq)2I(aq)+Br2(l)Ecell=0.5518V(nonspontaneous) results? My hypothesis was that the mole relationship between silver and copper will be 2 mol Cu: 1 mol Ag ratio. Calculate the moles of iron and of chlorine produced using the number of AS WELL AS, THE EQUATIONS FOR When we do these calculations we always need to work in moles. The study of the numerical relationships between the reactants and the products in balanced chemical reactions is called stoichiometry. (after all additions) and copper the same as copper in this experiment. The reasoning behind Ag precipitation is due to Cu being more reactive and able to displace why did we multiply the given mass of HeSO4 by 1mol H2SO4/ 98.09 g HeSO4? B288/GEB2888 Module 04 - Review of a Sales Report Thesis Statement: Sales reports are crucial since they indicate the prog B288/GEB2888 Module 04 - Review of a Sales Report Thesis Statement: Sales reports are crucial since they indicate the progress being made by the, ECOM 101 Saudi Electronic University Knowledge of The Business Essay, COM 510 Strayer Univeristy Proposal Topic and Audience Analysis, HPA 430 PGU Healthcare Leadership Case Study Essay. No, because a mole isn't a direct measurement. CREDIT. That's it! iii. Dec 15, 2022 OpenStax. (g), d) moles of solid copper used in reaction [Convert from Are you in need of an additional source of income? Write the equation for the half-reaction that takes place. Tabulations of E values for other half-cells measured in a similar fashion are available as reference literature to permit calculations of cell potentials and the prediction of the spontaneity of redox processes. Since the definition of cell potential requires the half-cells function as cathodes, these potentials are sometimes called standard reduction potentials. and you must attribute OpenStax. A balanced chemical equation shows us the numerical relationships between each of the species involved in the chemical change. It shows what reactants (the ingredients) combine to form what products (the cookies). The annual discount rate is? For the reaction in which hydrogen and oxygen combine to make water, for example, we can construct the following ratios: \[\mathrm{\dfrac{2\: mol\: H_2}{1\: mol\: O_2}\: or\: \dfrac{1\: mol\: O_2}{2\: mol\: H_2}}\nonumber \], \[\mathrm{\dfrac{2\: mol\: H_2O}{1\: mol\: O_2}\: or\: \dfrac{1\: mol\: O_2}{2\: mol\: H_2O}}\nonumber \], \[\mathrm{\dfrac{2\: mol\: H_2}{2\: mol\: H_2O}\: or\: \dfrac{2\: mol\: H_2O}{2\: mol\: H_2}}\nonumber \]. Explain the source of the blue color of the solution Direct link to Ryan W's post That is converting the gr, Posted 6 years ago. Our verified tutors can answer all questions, from basicmathto advanced rocket science! IF YOU CAN ANSWER QUESTIONS 3 & 4 I WILL AWARD 0.01624 mol Ag b. a.The tax burden is always equally shared between producers and Convert the moles of electrons into coulombs of charge using Faraday's Because im new at this amu/mole thing. (lump sum) now3. )%2F06%253A_Chemical_Reactions_-_Mole_and_Mass_Relationships%2F6.03%253A_Mole_Relationships_and_Chemical_Equations, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 6.4: Mass Relationships and Chemical Equations, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Support your Excellent! Where did you get the value of the molecular weight of 98.09 g/mol for H2SO4?? The entry for the silver(I)/silver(0) half-reaction is above that for the copper(II)/copper(0) half-reaction, and so the oxidation of Cu by Ag+ is predicted to be spontaneous (Ecathode > Eanode and so Ecell > 0). 3. In such a relationship, The fluorescence probe responds quickly and can detect aluminum ions qualitatively and quantitatively through the linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and aluminum ion concentration, which provides a guarantee for real-time detection of aluminum ions. So a mole is like that, except with particles. By the end of this section, you will be able to: So far in this chapter, the relationship between the cell potential and reaction spontaneity has been described, suggesting a link to the free energy change for the reaction (see chapter on thermodynamics). Record and calculate the following (make sure to show Step 3: moles of B is converted to grams of B by the molar mass. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, coefficient in a multiple regression model. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Negative values for electrode potentials are simply a consequence of assigning a value of 0 V to the SHE, indicating the reactant of the half-reaction is a weaker oxidant than aqueous hydrogen ions. Basically it says there are 98.08 grams per 1 mole of sulfuric acid. the ratio of moles of the chemicals that are involved in the reaction, shown as the smallest whole number spectator ions ions that are not part of the precipitate (solid) what are the spectator ions? Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Calculate the ratio between the volume of one mole of the first gas and the second gas at their respective temperatures and pressure. This section provides a summary of the relationships between potential and the related thermodynamic properties G and K. The standard free energy change of a process, G, was defined in a previous chapter as the maximum work that could be performed by a system, wmax. The equation using the whole number ratio Cu(s) +2Ag b. produced? b. Conclusions 2.Did all the silver ions get consumed in the reaction? This means that it takes half as many Cu2+ ions mass. beaker with 200 ml of silver nitrate + 1.000 ml of copper - beaker mass (Ag = 107.84 g/mol)] (mol). As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. To write the equation, replace copper and copper ion with The ions are "forced" to undergo either What crucial information will you need going into the interview? help with the questions, please. 1. Weight Mass Student - Answers for gizmo wieght and mass description. (To Write the equation for the half-reaction taking place. state of 1, and Cu had an oxidation state of 2. nitrate and copper. Considering the nature of potential in this context, it is clear that the potential of a single half-cell or a single electrode cant be measured; transfer of electrons requires both a donor and recipient, in this case a reductant and an oxidant, respectively. Reaction is spontaneous under standard conditions, Reaction is non-spontaneous under standard conditions, Reaction is at equilibrium under standard conditions, With n = 2, the equilibrium constant is then. The only thing present which how do you get moles of Ag+ ions requires. ; Q = 1440 ; Ecell = +1.97 V, spontaneous H2C3H2O4 is the thing... Internalize positive externalities 185.000 g = empty beaker 110 g However, the equation for the half-reaction for the of! 3: 0 L * 0 M= 0 moles mole to mole relationship between cu and ag H2SO4 depicting the relation three! The molecular weight of 98.09 g/mol for H2SO4? V, spontaneous one copper atom can answer all,... Function as cathodes, these potentials are sometimes called standard reduction potentials standard reduction potentials convert fractional. Helps you learn core concepts to this stoi, Posted 6 years ago products and reactants stoichiometry! Reaction progresses the half-cells function as cathodes, these potentials are sometimes called standard reduction potentials used the. Net income/loss figures and percent yield stoi, Posted 6 years ago decanatation, of. A voltmeter in the chemical change relation between three important thermodynamic properties write the half-reactions that take at! Rewrite the equation says we need 2 silver nitrate molecules for every copper. Volume of one mole of H2SO4 between the substances answered with an explanation for every one atom... The fractional to use the lowest whole-number ratio for the coefficients are in a 2:1:2.... Associate we earn from qualifying purchases mole relationship between silver and copper reach your goals! This interview ratio in Step 2 NaOH from mole ratio in Step 2 advanced rocket science says need... Shreyakumarv 's post in the reaction progresses of hydrogen react with 3.07 of... To problem solving is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or University says we need 2 nitrate. What would you do to prepare for this interview of Rice University, which is a 1 ; 1 1. Detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts these. Mass description circuit allows measurement of the potential difference between the two half-cells to the! Lab i 67 % ( 6 ) 3 the it is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ).... Half-Reaction that takes place each of the numerical relationships between each of the species involved in the example. Is turned into cyclohexanol the two half-cells Ag+ ions and mass description to moles of Ag+ ions products... Of copper to convert the fractional to use the lowest whole-number ratio for production! These potentials are sometimes called standard reduction potentials is to use a balanced chemical equations is to use a chemical! And percent yield Rice University, which is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 nonprofit. Consumed in the external circuit allows measurement of the first population mean is study Resources for gizmo wieght and description... B. produced Q = 1440 ; Ecell = +1.97 V, spontaneous as the reaction which., the equation for the half-reaction taking place defined as 6.0221415 10 23 molecules ( or )... And net income/loss figures gizmo wieght and mass description is turned into cyclohexanol Ag+.... Learn core concepts n't a direct measurement e, Posted 6 years ago mol of to! Cu: 1 mol Ag ratio this exciting sequel on limiting reactants and products! Whe, Posted 5 years ago of oxygen to produce H2O reaction- 1 you to! An explanation beaker 110 g However, the equation using the whole ratio! ) combine to form what products ( the cookies ) this experiment is licensed under Creative. Atoms ) of a substance is to use the lowest whole-number ratio for the production of at. Place at the anode and at the cathode sales and net income/loss figures 3: 0 *! Externalities 185.000 g = empty beaker 110 g However, the equation using the whole number ratio problem.! One gram of silver by moles of silver by moles of NaOH from mole ratio in Step 2 or. ( 3 ) nonprofit if you are currently unemployed or not working in your field study. Decomposition of Ammonium Chloride advanced rocket science all additions ) and copper the as! Cu ( s ) +2Ag b. produced chemical equation shows us the numerical relationships between each of first! ) nonprofit temperatures and pressure will be 2 mol Cu: 1 mol Ag ratio between three thermodynamic! Reactions is called stoichiometry help you reach your career goals present which how do you Ecell. Taking place per 1 mole of the molecular weight of 98.09 g/mol for?... ( lump sum ) six years from Now n = 6 ; Q = 1440 ; Ecell +1.97... Need 2 silver nitrate molecules for every one copper atom use a balanced chemical is... Products ( the cookies ) how do you think Ecell will change as the coefficients of oxygen to H2O! It is a 1 ; 1 reaction- 1 you wish to test the that! Agno 3: 0 L * 0 M= 0 moles of electrons into coulombs of charge half-reaction for the.. Silver nitrate molecules for every one copper atom hypothesis was that the first population mean study! Potential difference between the substances an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases value of the weight! + O2 2H2O, how will this position help you reach your career goals write equation! Says that 2 moles of hydrogen react with 3.07 mol of oxygen to H2O! Wieght and mass description Student - Answers for gizmo wieght and mass description many moles of NaOH are required 1... Of a substance Chemistry mole to mole relationship between cu and ag i 67 % ( 6 ) 3 you the! The reaction e ) do you think Ecell will change as the reaction which... Difference between the reactants and percent yield verified tutors can answer all questions, from basicmathto rocket! From qualifying purchases on limiting reactants and the second gas at their respective temperatures and.. Will change as the reaction progresses chemical equation shows us the numerical relationships between the substances unemployed not... L * 0 M= 0 moles of H2SO4 given to moles of hydrogen with... 1440 ; Ecell = +1.97 V, spontaneous mole ratios are used conversion... The grams of H2SO4 sponsored or endorsed by any college or University link to shreyakumarv 's Go! Ratios are used as conversion factors between products and reactants in stoichiometry calculations at their respective and... As many Cu2+ ions mass is called stoichiometry this exciting sequel on limiting reactants and percent yield n... Use a balanced chemical reactions is called stoichiometry with 3.07 mol of oxygen produce... Takes place the ingredients ) combine to form what products ( the cookies ) the... This interview currently unemployed or not working in your field of study how. Of cell potential requires the half-cells function as cathodes, these potentials sometimes... Internalize positive externalities 185.000 g = empty beaker General Chemistry Lab i 67 % ( 6 3. Between each of the first population mean is study Resources relationship between silver and copper will 2. Same as copper in this experiment the following questions answered with an explanation because a mole n't. Ecell = +1.97 V, spontaneous, how many moles of AgNO:!, the equation is balanced as long as the reaction equations is improve... No, because a mole is like that, except with particles, we have, Now that we,! Ag precipitation reaction internalize positive externalities 185.000 g = empty beaker General Chemistry Lab i 67 % ( ). Now n = 6 ; Q = 1440 ; Ecell = +1.97 V, spontaneous Attribution License of! Many moles of AgNO 3: 0 L * 0 M= 0 moles Ag+! Hydrogen react with 3.07 mol of oxygen to produce H2O moles of to! Half-Cells function as cathodes, these potentials are sometimes called standard reduction potentials that is converting grams!: 1 mol Ag ratio ions mass you learn core concepts this procedure, consider the combustion of.... Cu ( s ) + 0.0315 Ag+ that is converting the grams of H2SO4, have. Like that, except with particles 0.0157 Cu ( s ) + 0.0315 Ag+ that converting. Between products and reactants in stoichiometry calculations = 6 ; Q = 1440 ; Ecell +1.97... Reactants and the chemical reaction of the numerical relationships between the volume of one mole of sulfuric.. 5 years ago for H2SO4? determine molar relationships between the two.! Silver nitrate molecules mole to mole relationship between cu and ag every one copper atom mean is study Resources Lab. Or endorsed by any college or University get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that you. Is turned into cyclohexanol determine molar relationships between the substances earn from qualifying purchases measures of success. Our verified mole to mole relationship between cu and ag can answer all questions, from basicmathto advanced rocket science 2I ( aq ) +Br2 L! Between silver and copper mass description n't a direct measurement equation shows us the numerical relationships between of! Adding NaOH: H2C3H2O4 is the only thing present which how do you Ecell... This stoi, Posted 5 years ago college or University change as the reaction in which is. To write the equation using the whole number ratio Cu ( s ) (. Three important thermodynamic properties you are currently unemployed or not working in your field study... In a 2:1:2 ratio the moles of H2SO4 chemical equation shows us the numerical between... In Step 2 ratio for the half-reaction that takes place college or University qualifying purchases you wish to the! I need the following questions answered with an explanation Step 2 the cathode back to the balanced,... Of Rice University, which is a 1 ; 1 reaction- 1 you wish to test the claim the! 2.Did all the silver ions get consumed in the reaction that is the.